Öz

Bu çalışma, rehberli ve rehbersiz internet temelli bilişsel davranışçı terapilerin (iBDT) sınav kaygısını azaltmadaki etki düzeyini karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmaya 32’si rehberli, 32’si rehbersiz grupta olmak üzere toplam 64 katılımcı dahil edilmiştir. Müdahale öncesi ve sonrası sınav kaygısı düzeyleri Sınav Kaygısı Envanteri (SKE) ile ölçülmüş; kullanım bağlılığı ise iBDT programının tamamlanma yüzdesi üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Veriler tekrarlı ölçümler varyans analizi ile incelenmiştir. Zaman faktörü için anlamlı bir ana etki saptanmış (F(1, 62) = 108.046, p < .001), ancak zaman × grup etkileşimi anlamlı bulunmamıştır (F(1, 62) = 1.153, p = .287). Holm düzeltmeli post hoc analizler, her iki grupta da sınav kaygısı skorlarında anlamlı ve büyük etki büyüklüğünde azalmalar olduğunu ortaya koymuştur (rehbersiz grup: d = 1.562; rehberli grup: d = 1.922). Grupların son test puanları arasında anlamlı fark gözlenmemiştir (p = .832, d = 0.153) ve etki büyüklüğü farkı da anlamlı değildir (z = 0.63, p = .528). Ayrıca, rehberli grubun iBDT kullanım yüzdesi rehbersiz gruba kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha yüksek bulunmuştur (U = 336.000, p = .017), ancak kullanım yüzdesi ile sınav kaygısındaki değişim arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmamıştır (r = .127, p = .317). Bulgular, rehberli müdahalenin kullanıcı bağlılığını artırma potansiyeline işaret ederken, rehbersiz iBDT’nin de etkili ve bağımsız uygulanabilir bir müdahale seçeneği olabileceğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, her iki müdahale biçimi de sınav kaygısının azaltılmasında etkili, erişilebilir ve esnek uygulanabilirliğe sahip psikolojik destek seçenekleri sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sınav kaygısı, İnternet temelli bilişsel davranışçı terapi, Bilişsel davranışçı terapi

Kaynakça

  1. Adana, F., & Kaya, N. (2005). Lise öğrencilerinin sınav kaygısı düzeyi üzerine sınav kaygısı ile başa çıkma eğitiminin etkisi. Kriz Dergisi, 13(2), 35-42.
  2. American Psychiatric Association. (2021, April 20). What are anxiety disorders?. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders
  3. Andersson, G. (2016). Internet-delivered psychological treatments. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 157-179. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093006
  4. Andersson, G., & Titov, N. (2014). Advantages and limitations of Internet-based interventions for common mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20083
  5. Avcil, C., & Herdi, O. (2023). An unguided computerized cognitive behavioral therapy program for test anxiety. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 12(3), 231-241. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.135830
  6. Baumeister, H., Reichler, L., Munzinger, M., & Lin, J. (2014). The impact of guidance on Internet-based mental health interventions—A systematic review. Internet Interventions, 1(4), 205-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2014.08.003
  7. Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Cuijpers, P., Riper, H., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2018). Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2017.1401115
  8. Clarke, G., Eubanks, D., Reid, E., Kelleher, C., DeBar, L., Lynch, F., & Nunley, S. (2005). Overcoming depression on the Internet (ODIN) (2): A randomized trial of a self-help depression skills program. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 7(2), e16. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7.2.e16
  9. Cuijpers, P., Donker, T., van Straten, A., Li, J., & Andersson, G. (2010). Is guided self-help as effective as face-to-face psychotherapy for depression and anxiety disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Psychological Medicine, 40(12), 1943-1957. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000772
  10. Doherty, J. H., & Wenderoth, M. P. (2017). Implementing an expressive writing intervention for test anxiety in a large college course. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, 18(2), 18.2.39. https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v18i2.1307
  11. Dryman, M. T., McTeague, L. M., Olino, T. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2017). Evaluation of an open-access CBT-based Internet program for social anxiety: Patterns of use, retention, and outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(10), 988-999. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000232
  12. Dusek, J. B. (1980). The development of test anxiety in children. In I. G. Sarason (Ed.), Test anxiety: Theory, research and applications (pp. 87-110). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  13. Ergene, T. (2003). Effective interventions on test anxiety reduction: A meta-analysis. School Psychology International, 24(3), 313-328. https://doi.org/10.1177/01430343030243004
  14. Jakobsen, H., Andersson, G., Havik, O. E., & Nordgreen, T. (2017). Guided Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for mild and moderate depression: A benchmarking study. Internet Interventions, (7), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2016.11.002
  15. Kampmann, I. L., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Morina, N. (2016). Meta-analysis of technology-assisted interventions for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, (42), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.06.007
  16. Karyotaki, E., Efthimiou, O., Miguel, C., genannt Bermpohl, F. M., Furukawa, T. A., Cuijpers, P., & Forsell, Y. (2021). Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: A systematic review and individual patient data network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(4), 361-371. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4364
  17. Karyotaki, E., Kleiboer, A., Smit, F., Turner, D. T., Pastor, A. M., Andersson, G., Berger, T., Botella, C., Breton, J. M., Carlbring, P., Christensen, H., de Graaf, E., Griffiths, K., Donker, T., Farrer, L., Huibers, M. J. H., Lenndin, J., Mackinnon, A., Meyer, B., … Cuijpers, P. (2015). Predictors of treatment dropout in self-guided web-based interventions for depression: An individual patient data meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 45(13), 2717-2726. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715000665
  18. Kavakci, O., Semiz, M., Kartal, A., Dikici, A., & Kugu, N. (2014). Test anxiety prevalence and related variables in students who are going to take the university entrance examination. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 27(4), 301-307. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2014270403
  19. Klein, B., Mitchell, J., Abbott, J., Shandley, K., Austin, D., Gilson, K., & Redman, T. (2010). A therapist-assisted cognitive behavior therapy Internet intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder: Pre-, post-, and 3-month follow-up results from an open trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(6), 635-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.005
  20. Larson, H., Ramahi, M., Conn, S., Estes, L., & Ghibellini, A. (2010). Reducing test anxiety among third grade students through the implementation of relaxation techniques. Journal of School Counseling, 8(19), 1-19.
  21. Melling, B., & Houguet-Pincham, T. (2011). Online peer support for individuals with depression: A summary of current research and future considerations. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 34(3), 252-254. https://doi.org/10.2975/34.3.2011.252.254
  22. Neuderth, S., Jabs, B., & Schmidtke, A. (2009). Strategies for reducing test anxiety and optimizing exam preparation in German university students: A prevention-oriented pilot project of the University of Würzburg. Journal of Neural Transmission, 116(6), 785-790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-008-0123-7
  23. Nordgren, L. B., Hedman, E., Etienne, J., Bodin, J., Kadowaki, Å., Eriksson, S., & Carlbring, P. (2014). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of individually tailored Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorders in a primary care population: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, (59), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.007
  24. Oey, L. T., McDonald, S., McGrath, L., Dear, B. F., & Wootton, B. M. (2023). Guided versus self-guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for diagnosed anxiety and related disorders: A preliminary meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 52(6), 654-671. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2023.2250073
  25. Orbach, G., Lindsay, S., & Grey, S. (2007). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of a self-help Internet-based intervention for test anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(3), 483-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.002
  26. Öner, N. (1990). Sınav kaygısı envanteri el kitabı. Yüksek Öğrenimde Rehberliği Tanıtma ve Rehber Yetiştirme Vakfı Yayını.
  27. Putwain, D. W., & von der Embse, N. P. (2021). Cognitive-behavioral intervention for test anxiety in adolescent students: Do benefits extend to school-related wellbeing and clinical anxiety?. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 34(1), 22-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1800656
  28. Ramirez, G., & Beilock, S. L. (2011). Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom. Science, 331(6014), 211-213. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199427
  29. Spielberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1995). Test anxiety: Theory, assessment, and treatment. Taylor & Francis.
  30. Thomas, C. L., Cassady, J. C., & Finch, W. H. (2018). Identifying severity standards on the Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale: Cut score determination using latent class and cluster analysis. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 36(5), 492-508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916686004
  31. Titov, N., Andrews, G., Davies, M., McIntyre, K., Robinson, E., & Solley, K. (2010). Internet treatment for depression: A randomized controlled trial comparing clinician vs. technician assistance. PLoS One, 5(6), e10939. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010939
  32. Ulusoy, S., Yavuz, K. F., Esen, F. B., Umut, G., & Karatepe, H. T. (2016). Cognitive group therapy for test anxiety. Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, (1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.212133
  33. von der Embse, N., Barterian, J., & Segool, N. (2013). Test anxiety interventions for children and adolescents: A systematic review of treatment studies from 2000-2010. Psychology in the Schools, 50(1), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21660
  34. Warnecke, I., Haffinger, L. M., Konradi, H., Reiss, N., Luka-Krausgrill, U., & Rohrmann, S. (2020). Design of a guided Internet-delivered counseling intervention for test anxiety. The European Journal of Counselling Psychology, 8(1), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejcop.v8i1.205
  35. Yıldırım, İ. (2007). Depression, test anxiety, and social support among Turkish students preparing for the university entrance examination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 7(29), 171-188.
  36. Yıldırım, İ. (2008). Family variables influencing test anxiety of students preparing for the university entrance examination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 8(31), 171-186.
  37. Zeidner, M. (2020). Test anxiety. In B. J. Carducci, C. S. Nave, A. Di Fabio, D. H. Saklofske, & C. Stough (Eds.), The Wiley encyclopedia of personality and individual differences (pp. 445-449). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119547174.ch253

Telif hakkı ve lisans

Telif Hakkı © 2026 Yazar(lar). Açık erişimli bu makale, orijinal çalışmaya uygun şekilde atıfta bulunulması koşuluyla, herhangi bir ortamda veya formatta sınırsız kullanım, dağıtım ve çoğaltmaya izin veren Creative Commons Atıf Lisansı (CC BY) altında dağıtılmıştır.

Nasıl atıf yapılır

Avcil, C., & Herdi, O. (2026). Sınav kaygısı için rehberli ve rehbersiz internet temelli bilişsel davranışçı terapinin karşılaştırılması. Eğitim Ve Bilim, 51(226), 405-420. https://doi.org/10.15390/ES.2026.2463