Author Guidelines

Authorship

Authorship gives credit, assigns responsibility, and implies academic, social, and financial accountability for the published work. Those who substantially contributed to a paper are credited as authors, understand, and take on their roles and responsibilities, and are held accountable for published research.

The journal's definition of authorship is based on the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following 4 criteria:

1. Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND
2. Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND
3. Final approval of the version to be published; AND
4. Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Those who met all four criteria are identified as authors. In addition, responsibilities of co-authors for specific aspects of the work must be indicated. Please see the "Author Information" section for details on how to indicate these responsibilities in the manuscript.

If the manuscript is authored by a large group or a consortium, all the members should meet all four authorship criteria. The corresponding author(s) must specify the group name and group members in line with the disclosure agreements.

For more information on how to acknowledge non-author contributors, equal contributors and corresponding author and other acknowledgements, please see the following sections and “Author Information” section.

Non-Author Contributions

Individuals who do not meet all of the above criteria cannot be designated as authors. However, individuals who meet at least one criterion should be identified as non-author contributors, and their contributions should be specified in the "Acknowledgments" section of the Title Page. For detailed information on non-author contributions: ICMJE Guidelines.

Examples of Non-Author Contributions:

• Administrative support,
• General supervision,
• Securing funding,
• Technical editing,
• Language editing and proofreading.

These contributions must be clearly stated on the title page during manuscript submission.

Equal Contributions

In multi-authored manuscripts, authors with equal contributions and authorship status must be clearly defined:

• Equal contribution: Authors have contributed equally to the research.
• First authorship: Authors share first authorship status.
• Equal contribution and first authorship: Authors have both contributed equally and share first authorship.

Corresponding Author

The corresponding author is the individual who handles all correspondence with the journal on behalf of the authors from submission to publication, coordinates the process, and manages communications. The responsibilities of the corresponding author include:

1. Administrative Obligations:
   • Providing authorship information, contact details, ethics committee approval, and any requested documents.
2. Communication:
   • Managing all correspondence with the journal (revision requests, corrections, etc.),
   • Making decisions and informing all co-authors on behalf of the manuscript's authors.

Important Note:

• The status of equal contribution or first authorship must be indicated on the title page during manuscript submission.
• The corresponding author's contact information (email) will be made available to readers if the manuscript is published.

Cover Letter

A cover letter is mandatory for all submissions. The cover letter is critically important in assisting the Editor's initial evaluation process. The author submitting the manuscript will write or paste the cover letter into the designated field in the online submission system (it will not be uploaded as a separate file).

Requirements for the Cover Letter:

1. Justification for the manuscript's suitability for publication in Education and Science.
2. Clear statements of the following:
   • The manuscript has not been previously published,
   • It is not currently under review by another journal,
   • All authors have approved the submission of this version and take full responsibility for its content.

Article Types

All manuscripts submitted to Education and Science must be original works that have not been previously published and are not under consideration by another journal.

Education and Science publishes only original research articles. Authors should adhere to the criteria specified in the table below when preparing their manuscripts.

*Applies only to the main document. Excludes title page, abstract, keywords, tables, footnotes, figure captions, and references.

Note: In cases where the above limits cannot be adhered to due to the type or structure of the research, authors are required to consult the editorial office by e-mail explaining the situation and obtain approval before submitting their manuscripts. In such instances, editorial flexibility may be provided, provided that the limitations are not significantly exceeded.

Research Article

Research articles should present original findings that contribute to the scientific development of the subject areas specified in the journal's Aims and Scope section. These articles should be submitted with an abstract not exceeding 350 words. Keywords (minimum 3, maximum 7) should be added after the abstract.

The main sections of the manuscript should be structured as follows (maximum 7500 words):

1. Introduction:
   • Situate the study within the existing literature and clearly state the purpose of the study.
2. Method:
   • Describe the methodology of the study, the study setting (institution name should be anonymized for blind review), participants/sample (number and type), the applied method or experimental protocol, the main variables/outcomes examined, and the type of analysis used (statistical, qualitative, quantitative, etc.).
   • Ethics committee approval (in studies requiring it) should be stated in this section, but the name of the ethics committee should be anonymized for blind review.
3. Results:
   • Present the findings of the study and, if appropriate, their statistical significance in this section.
4. Discussion:
   • Discuss the meaning and significance of the obtained findings.
   • Evaluate the relationship of the findings with previously published studies.
   • State the limitations of the study and emphasize the importance of the findings.
5. References, Tables, Figures, and Appendices:
   • References: Up to 50 references (preferably from the last 10 years), including seminal works in the field.
   • Tables/Figures: Maximum 10 tables or figures (flexibility may be provided for visual data synthesis).
   • Appendices: Supplementary material (datasets, detailed methodological descriptions, etc.) can be added if necessary.

The manuscript main document should include the following sections: Title, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Method, Findings, Discussion, References, and Appendices (if necessary). (Tables and Figures should be provided in their respective places within the text).

Manuscript Formatting Guidelines

Before submitting a manuscript to the journal, authors are strongly advised to carefully review the Manuscript Formatting Guidelines.

Manuscripts must be submitted by the corresponding author via the journal's online submission system.

Manuscripts must comply with the following format requirements.

All submissions must include the following documents:

• Title Page: Title, author information (see below), corresponding author's address and telephone number, word count, number of figures and tables, and the following declarations: conflicts of interest, ethics committee approval (if required), author contributions, acknowledgments (if any), funding, previously published abstract, preprint, etc. (if any).
• Blind Manuscript (Main Document, Word format 2003 or later version): All author names and affiliations MUST BE EXCLUDED. Information about the institution where the study was conducted and the names of the ethics committee MUST BE ANONYMIZED. It should include the abstract and keywords, the main text of the manuscript (structured according to the table above), references, tables, and figures.
• Figures (if required – must be both embedded in the Main Document and uploaded separately).
• Supplementary and ancillary material (if required).

Page Format

• A4 Portrait, Margins (Normal) (top, bottom, left, right 2.5 cm).
• Microsoft Office Word document or rich text format.
• Each section should start on a new page.
• Page numbers should be written at the bottom center of the page.
• All headings and subheadings should be bold.
• All figures and tables must be embedded in the text. Each figure and table must be cited in the text.

Font

Manuscripts should be written using Palatino Linotype font, 12-point, and double-spaced throughout the text (including abstracts and references).

Author Information

Authors must be declared in the same order in the system and on the title page at the time of submission. Authors are responsible for the correct declaration of their names. The full and correct names of the authors should be listed together on the title page of the submission and separated by commas.

The following information should be matched with the authors' names and added to the title page FOR EACH AUTHOR:

• Author's full name
• Affiliation (in the exact order below and as applicable).
  • University, Institute or Faculty, Department, City, Country
• Email addresses
• ORCiD

Example:
Jane Doe¹*, John Smith², Ayşe Yılmaz¹, Ahmet Yılmaz³

Affiliation

1. University, Institute or Faculty, Department, City, Country
2. …
3. …

Email (in order of authors)

1. [email protected]
2. …

ORCiD (in order of authors)

1. https://orcid.org/0000-0000-0000-0000
2. …

Corresponding Author

The corresponding author should be marked with an asterisk (*) in the author list.

Equal Contribution

• Authors who contributed equally should be marked with the (@) symbol.
• Authors who share first authorship should be marked with the (#) symbol.
• Authors who contributed equally to the research and share first authorship should be marked with the (+) symbol.
• Please use the appropriate standard statement(s) to indicate equal contributions:
  o For (^@): Authors contributed equally to the research.
  o For (^#): Authors share first authorship.
  o For (⁺): Authors contributed equally to the research and share first authorship.

Example: Ayşe Yılmaz^1,+, Levent Doğan^2,+, Gündüz Kaya^3,@, Güler Erdoğan^1,*^,@

Sections of the Manuscript

It is recommended that your manuscripts be divided into the sections detailed below. However, headings and subheadings may vary according to the subject area and the structure of the research.

Title Page

The title page must include the following information and sections:

Title Page Template

1. Title
2. Author information (See the “Author Information” section for format requirements.)
3. Corresponding author’s contact information
4. Number of figures and tables
5. Author contributions
6. Ethics committee approval
7. Conflict of interest
8. Funding
9. Previous presentation or publication declaration (if any)
10. Acknowledgments (if any)
11. Generative Artificial Intelligence Declaration (if any)

Main Document

The anonymized main document of the manuscript must include the following sections:

1. Title (English)
2. Abstract (English)
3. Keywords (English)
4. Introduction
5. Method
6. Results
7. Discussion
8. References
9. Figures and Tables (In their respective places within the text)
10. Appendices (if any)

Title

The title of the study should clearly reflect its content and be concise. Titles should not exceed two lines and should be in lowercase, except for proper nouns. Titles should not contain abbreviations or acronyms.

Abstract

Abstracts should briefly and clearly state the purpose, scope, method, main findings, and conclusions of the study. Abstracts should not contain non-standard abbreviations. Abstracts longer than 350 words will not be accepted.

Keywords

Keywords increase the discoverability of manuscripts. Authors should select 3-7 keywords that reflect the scope of the manuscript.

Example: Keywords: conflict resolution, ingroup bias, social identity.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments should be directed to individuals or institutions that made limited or minimal contributions to the study. If provided, acknowledgments should appear as a brief statement on the title page.

Author Contribution

Author contributions should be explained on the title page as in the example. The initials of the authors should conform to the following templates:

Example: The author(s) confirm(s) contribution to the paper as follows: Study conception and design: XX, YY; data collection: YY; analysis and interpretation of results: XX, YY, ZZ; draft manuscript preparation: YY, ZZ. The author(s) reviewed the results and approved the final version of the article.

When the manuscript is submitted to the journal, information regarding author contributions must be included on the title page. As stated above, the author contribution statement must comply with ICMJE's authorship criteria recommendations.

Ethics Committee Approval

Studies requiring ethics committee approval must include a statement regarding Ethics Committee Approval in the method section of the main document and on the title page.

In the Method section (main document), any identifying information regarding ethics committee approval must be anonymized before submission (e.g., The study was approved by the XXX Ethics Committee).

The title page must include the name of the ethics committee, the date, and the number of the ethics committee approval (e.g., The study was approved by the Hacettepe University Ethics Committee (date: 01.01.2024, number: 2024-01).

Do not submit a copy of the ethics committee approval.

Conflict of Interest

Authors must declare any potential conflicts of interest on the title page. A conflict of interest may exist when authors (or their employers, sponsors, or family/friends) have a financial, commercial, legal, or professional connection with other organizations or individuals working with them that could influence the research or the interpretation of its results. Therefore, authors must declare their financial, commercial, legal, or professional competing interests on the title page. If there is no conflict of interest, authors should declare this on the title page using the following standard statement:

“The author(s) declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose.”

For more information on publication ethics policies and conflicts of interest, please see the “Research and Publication Ethics” section.

Funding

Authors are obliged to disclose all funding and financial support received during the development of the study. Authors should state this on the title page with the following standard statements:

• The author(s) declare that the study received no funding.
• The author(s) declare that the study was supported/funded by [e.g., The Institute of Science], grant number: [ABC-12345].

References

Everything cited in the text of your manuscript must be in the reference list, and everything in the reference list must be cited in your manuscript. In-text citations at the end of the sentence where possible.

The reference list should be prepared in APA 7 citation style. For detailed information, please review the citation and referencing style guides and examples from the links below.

Authors are directly responsible for correct citation and adherence to the specified reference and citation style. The use of reference management tools such as Zotero, Endnote, and Mendeley is strongly recommended.

In-text citation guides and examples:

For other in-text citation examples, review the APA In-text Citation Examples page.

Reference list examples:

For all other reference examples, review the APA Reference Examples page.

Tables and Figures

Visual elements such as tables, figures, and diagrams must be cited in the text. Tables and figures should be small and simple, numbered according to their order of appearance in the text, and placed before or after the relevant paragraph in the manuscript text. Each must have a number and a descriptive title. If visual elements were not created by the authors, the source must be cited and included in the reference list.

Figures should be in vector format (Illustrator, EPS, WMF, FreeHand, CorelDraw, PowerPoint, Excel, etc.) or bitmap format (Photoshop, TIFF, PNG, JPG, etc.). Figures submitted in bitmap format must have a resolution of at least 300 DPI. Figures, tables, and graphs must include self-explanatory labels and unit labels for each parameter or axis.

Tables should be created using the drawing tools of programs such as Microsoft Word, Google Docs, or LibreOffice. Each piece of data should be given in a separate table cell, and additions such as enter or space should not be made. Tables must be editable and should not contain images. Tables should be self-explanatory and complement, not repeat, the text. The table footnote should include the full terms of all abbreviations used in the table.

If diagrams contain a non-editable image or visual, they should be imported into Word at 300 DPI resolution, and the original diagram should be attached to the manuscript.

Tables and Figures should be numbered consecutively and provided with a title above the table or figure. All tables and figures should not exceed 16x20 cm in size. Avoid using vertical lines in tables.

Appendices

Supplementary lists, tables, graphics, etc., should be provided separately at the end of the manuscript. Each appendix must be numbered and titled. It must also be cited in the text.

Example: Appendix 1 – List of Data Collection Tools.

Electronic supplementary materials:

Information or multimedia files (animation, audio, video, etc.) unsuitable for the printed version of the manuscript can be submitted as electronic supplementary materials (ESM). Materials prepared for electronic publication must be in standard file formats: Spreadsheets should be in .xlsx or .csv, visuals in .jpeg or .tiff, audio and video in .avi, .wmv, .mp4, .mov, .m2p, .mp2, .mpg, or .mpeg format. Text and presentations should be submitted as .pdf files; .doc, .docx, .ppt, .pptx files are not accepted. If multiple figures, texts, or tables, etc., are necessary, they can be combined into one .pdf file. Multiple files can be collected and compressed into a .zip or .rar file. Electronic supplementary materials should be numbered consecutively as ESM_1.pdf, ESM_2.xlsx, ESM_3.avi, ESM_4.rar, etc., and the main text of the manuscript should refer to all numbered electronic supplementary materials sequentially, similar to printed tables and figures (e.g., “The patient had vertical supranuclear gaze palsy (Electronic Supplementary Material 1)”). At the end of the main manuscript file, after the figure captions, authors should add a title for each electronic supplementary file. Please note: 1) The journal does not host a data repository for uploading all raw research data; 2) Large files may take a long time to download or cause other problems and negatively affect the user experience; 3) Supplementary materials will be published online as received, without reformatting, editing, or conversion to another file format. The size of each supplementary file should not exceed 128 MB. If you need to upload larger files, please contact the editorial office ([email protected]). Works cited in electronic supplementary materials must also be cited in the text of the main document and listed in the references.

Units

• Ensure all units of measurement are in SI units.
• In full texts written in English, use a point instead of a comma for decimal fractions (e.g., 1.24 instead of 1,24).
• Leave a single space between the number and the unit (e.g., 4 kg/ha, 20 N m, 100 kPa, 22 °C).
• Exceptions for angle definitions, minutes, seconds, and percentages; do not leave a space (e.g., 10°, 45’, 60’’, 29%).
• The abbreviation for liter should be "L".

Formulas and Equations

Please follow these guidelines for clarity and consistency in formulas and equations:

• Number each formula with its reference number and place the number in parentheses at the end of the formula, e.g., (1).
• Use the Word math processor for formulas and ensure a 12-point font size.
• Present variables in italics; numbers and mathematical definitions should be in plain text.
• When referring to a formula in the text, use a format as in the example.

Example: “…the model, as shown in Equation 1.”

Use of Artificial Intelligence

Education and Science complies with the current ICMJE and COPE guidelines, and acknowledges the guidance of the Turkish Council of Higher Education in the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technology.

At submission, the authors must disclose whether they used AI-assisted technologies (such as Large Language Models [LLMs], chatbots [eg. ChatGPT], machine learning, image creators or similar technologies) in any part of the production of the submitted work. If they did, they must confirm that they take responsibility for the integrity of the generated content. Disclosure of AI use must include the name and manufacturer of the AI tool, the date(s) of use, and how it was used in relation to the manuscript. Authors who use these tools should describe how and where they used them, and to what extent.

If AI was used for writing assistance, this should be stated on the Title Page as a separate declaration. The authors should fill in the designated parts on our title page template.

If AI was used for data collection, analysis, or figure generation, this should be described in detail in the Materials and Methods section. It is appropriate to use AI in the collection or analysis of data only if this methodology has already been approved by an ethics board (for studies requiring ethical approval).

In either case, the use of AI should also be declared in the cover letter.

AI-assisted tools cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, cannot determine the presence of conflicts of interest, and these responsibilities are required for authorship (see above, Authorship Criteria). Similarly, AI should not be cited as an author.

Before using any AI-assisted technology, authors should understand how it works, and its potential risks. Authors should carefully review and edit any AI output because AI can generate authoritative-sounding output that may be incorrect, incomplete, or biased. AI can use a wide variety of data as input, and produce output that may be hard to trace back to its original source. Mere declaration of the use of AI is not enough to avoid legal or ethical violations, including plagiarism. Authors must be able to assert that AI has been used within the extent of applicable laws, and that there is no plagiarism in their paper, including in the text and images completely or partly produced by the AI tool. Authors are responsible for all aspects of any submitted material that includes the use of AI-assisted technologies.

Education and Science runs plagiarism and AI-use checks on all accepted manuscripts prior to publication. We discourage large-scale use of AI-assisted technology to the extent that the original human contribution to the work is brought to question (eg. large portions of text written almost completely by AI). Failure to properly disclose the use of AI-assisted technology at submission, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate part of either the title page (for writing assistance) or the main document (for methodology) as described above may result in the reversal of the acceptance decision, or in the retraction of a published manuscript.

This does not include basic tools for checking grammar, spelling, references etc.

Language Editing

The journal Education and Science is published in two languages: Turkish and English. Authors may submit their manuscripts in either Turkish or English. However, authors of accepted manuscripts are required to prepare full texts in both Turkish and English. Submitted manuscripts must comply with the grammar and spelling rules of the chosen language, be appropriate for the relevant scientific literature, and meet the language standards for publication.

Editors may request language editing and proofreading from authors. Accepted manuscripts can be published after language editing and proofreading requests have been met.