Öz

Kamu eğitim hizmetlerinin etkin bir şekilde sunulması tüm ülkeler için büyük önem arz etmektedir. Orta gelir tuzağına ile karşılaşma ihtimali bulunan Türkiye için bu durum özellikle önemlidir. Ülkemizde, kamu eğitimi hizmeti için büyük miktarda bütçe kaynağı harcamaktadır. Ancak, il düzeyinde kaynak kullanımının belirlenmesinde yerel sosyo-ekonomik ve demografik dinamikler dikkate alınmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 2008-2021 dönemi için il düzeyinde kamu eğitim harcamalarının belirleyicileri analiz edilmektedir. Bu analiz sonuçlarına göre, illerin ekonomik yapısının, öğrenci-öğretmen ve okullaşma oranının eğitim hizmetleri için kaynak ihtiyacını etkilediğini göstermektedir. Ancak, öğrenci-öğretmen ve okullaşma oranı açısından ilköğretim ve ortaöğretim arasında bir tutarsızlık söz konusudur.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Eğitim harcamaları, Kamu eğitim harcamaları, İl düzeyinde kamu eğitim harcamaları, Öğrenci-öğretmen oranı, Okullaşma oranı, Öğrenci nüfus yoğunluğu, Panel veri analizi

Kaynakça

  1. Acar, E. Ö., Cilasun, S. M., & Günalp, B. (2016). An analysis of education expenditures in Turkey by income groups (Working Paper No. 991). The Economic Research Forum (ERF). https://erf.org.eg/app/uploads/2016/04/991.pdf
  2. Acar, E. Ö., Günalp, B., & Cilasun, S. M. (2016). An empirical analysis of household education expenditures in Turkey. International Journal of Educational Development, 51, 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.03.007
  3. Almadin, H., Antiporda, J. M. Q., & Suin, K. A. S. (2022). An empirical analysis on the determinants of public education expenditure in the Philippines. Journal of Economics Finance and Accounting Studies, 4(1), 505-518. https://doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2022.4.1.38
  4. Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
  5. Baltagi, B., & Wu, P. (1999). Unequally spaced panel data regressions with AR(1) disturbances. Econometric Theory, 15(6), 814-823. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266466699156020
  6. Bayar, A. A., & Bengi, Y. İ. (2016). Determinants of household education expenditures: Do poor spend less on education?. Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, 18(1), 83-111. https://ecommons.luc.edu/meea/224/
  7. Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., & Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial correlation and the fixed effects model. Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297285
  8. Bischoff, I., & Prasetyia, F. (2019). Determinants of local public expenditures on education: Empirical evidence for Indonesian districts between 2005 and 2012. International Journal of Education Economics and Development, 10(2), 115-147. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEED.2019.10018476
  9. Busemeyer, M. R. (2007). Determinants of public education spending in 21 OECD democracies, 1980-2001. Journal of European Public Policy, 14(4), 582-610. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760701314417
  10. Castles, F. G. (1989). Explaining public education expenditure in OECD nations. European Journal of Political Research, 17(4), 431-448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1989.tb00202.x
  11. Chakrabarti, A., & Joglekar, R. (2006). Determinants of expenditure on education an empirical analysis using state level data. Economic and Political Weekly, 41(15), 1465-1472. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418088?seq=1
  12. Cristobal, J. P., Cordero, M. A., & Manapat, Carlos L. (2022). Analysis of the determinants of public education expenditures in the philippines. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies, 4(2), 276-291. https://doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2022.4.2.22
  13. Dragomirescu-Gaina, C. (2015). An empirical inquiry into the determinants of public education spending in Europe. IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 25(4), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40174-015-0049-7
  14. Fernandez, R., & Rogerson, R. (1997). The determinants of public education expenditures: Evidence from the states, 1950-1990 (Working Paper No. 5995). National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). https://doi.org/10.3386/w5995
  15. Gallup, J. L. (2020). Added-variable plots for panel-data estimation. Stata Journal, 20(1), 30-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X20909689
  16. Gill, I., Kharas, H., Bhattasali, D., Brahmbhatt, M., Datt, G., Haddad, M., Mountfield, E., Tatucu, R., & Vostroknutova, E. (2007). An East Asian renaissance: Ideas for economic growth. World Bank. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242615637_An_East_Asian_Renaissance_Ideas_for_Economic_Growth
  17. Greene, W. H. (2000). Econometric analysis (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
  18. Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
  19. Grob, U., & Wolter, S. C. (2007). Demographic change and public education spending: A conflict between young and old?. Education Economics, 15(3), 277-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290701273467
  20. Hara, M. (2021). Educational factors predicting middle-income trap and international competitiveness index in Southeast Asia [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=11769&context=dissertations
  21. Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827
  22. Hirsch, W. Z. (1960). Determinants of public education expenditures. National Tax Journal, 13(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1086/NTJ41790789
  23. Hübler, O. (2005). Panel data econometrics: Modelling and estimation (Working Paper No. 319). Hannover University, Faculty of Economics and Management. https://diskussionspapiere.wiwi.uni-hannover.de/pdf_bib/dp-319.pdf
  24. Imam, P. A., & Temple, J. R. W. (2024). At the threshold: The increasing relevance of the middle-income trap (Working Paper No. 24/91). IMF. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400274855.001
  25. Imana, D. K. (2017). The determinants of public education expenditures: an empirical analysis of changing patterns and growth of public expenditure on education in Kenya. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 7(4), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v7i4.11972
  26. Jabbar, N. A., & Selvaratnam, D. P. (2017). Analysis of the determinants of education expenditures in Malaysia. Journal of International Business Economics and Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 1-10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353684336_Analysis_of_the_Determinants_of_Education_Expenditures_in_Malaysia
  27. McMahon, W. W. (1970). An economic analysis of major determinants of expenditures on public education. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 52(3), 242-252. https://doi.org/10.2307/1926292
  28. Ministry of National Education. (2024). Official statistics. https://sgb.meb.gov.tr/www/resmi-istatistikler/icerik/64
  29. Ministry of Treasury and Finance. (2024). Official statistics. https://en.hmb.gov.tr
  30. Monk, D. H., & Haller, E. J. (1986). Organizational alternatives for small schools. State University of New York.
  31. Mullahy, J., & Norton E. (2022). Why transform Y? A critical assessment of dependent-variable transformations in regression models for skewed and sometimes-zero outcomes (Working Paper No. 30735). NBER. https://doi.org/10.3386/w30735
  32. Nord, S. (1983). On the determinants of public education expenditures. The American Economist, 27(2), 21-28. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/056943458302700204
  33. Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels (Working Paper No. 1229). CESifo Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504
  34. Pesaran, M. H. (2006) Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x
  35. Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
  36. Porteba, J. M. (1997). Demographic structure and the political economy of public education. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 16(1), 48-66. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199724)16:1<48::AID-PAM3>3.0.CO;2-I
  37. Sagarik, D. (2013). An analysis of the determinants of education expenditure in Thailand. Asian Politics & Policy, 5(2), 227-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12027
  38. Shapiro, S. (1962). Socio-economic determinants of expenditures for education: Southern and other states compared. Comparative Education Review, 6(2), 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1086/444928
  39. Sheikh, R. I. (2019). Analysis of the determinants of public education expenditures in Bangladesh. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 9(3), 151-178. https://doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v9i3.15419
  40. Strawczynski, M., & Zeira, J. (2003). What determines education expenditure in Israel?. Isreal Economic Review, 1, 11-33. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252061999_What_determines_education_expenditure_in_Israel
  41. Tholkes, R. J., & Sederberg, C. H. (1990). Economies of scale and rural school. Research in Rural Education 7(1), 9-15. https://jrre.psu.edu/sites/default/files/2019-08/7-1_8.pdf
  42. Turkish Statistical Institute. (2024a). National education statistics. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=National-Education-Statistics-2023-53444
  43. Turkish Statistical Institute. (2024b). National population statistics. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Population-and-Demography-109
  44. Verbina, I., & Chowdhury, A. (2004). What determines public education expenditures in Russia?. The Economics of Tradition, 12(3), 489-508. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.0967-0750.2004.00190.x
  45. Yilmaz, S., & Guner, A. (2013). Local government discretion and accountability in Turkey. Public Administration and Development, 33(2), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1646
  46. Yun, W. S., & Yusoff, R. (2018). The determinants of public education expenditure in Malaysia. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 52(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2018-5202-9

Telif hakkı ve lisans

Telif Hakkı © 2025 Yazar(lar). Açık erişimli bu makale, orijinal çalışmaya uygun şekilde atıfta bulunulması koşuluyla, herhangi bir ortamda veya formatta sınırsız kullanım, dağıtım ve çoğaltmaya izin veren Creative Commons Atıf Lisansı (CC BY) altında dağıtılmıştır.

Nasıl atıf yapılır

Çağlayan Akay, E., Çelen, M., & Yılmaz, S. (2025). Türkiye’de kamu eğitim harcamalarının iller düzeyinde belirleyicileri. Eğitim Ve Bilim, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.15390/ES.2025.2574